Refugee: Its History, Factors and Consequences
Refugee
Generally, a refugee is a person who takes shelter in another country for fear of persecution or threat to his life.
According to UNHCR, a Refugee is a person forced to flee their country because of violence or persecution.
67% of refugees worldwide come from just five countries-Syria, Afghanistan, South Sudan, Myanmar and Somalia.
By the statistics of UNHCR, at present, 70.8 million people are Refugee worldwide.
Different types of Refugee
1. Convention Refugee- Convention refugee means a person who is recognized as a refugee by the States under the criteria in Art. 1A of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol, and entitled to the enjoyment of various rights under that Convention.
2. Mandate Refugee- Mandate refugee means the person who is recognized as refugees by UNHCR acting under its statute's authority and relevant UN General Assembly resolutions. Mandate status is especially significant in States that are not parties to the 1951 Convention or its 1967 Protocol.
3. De jure Refugee- This type of Refugee includes those only persecuted on the grounds of religion, race or political belief. They will get all the legal access to justice in the destination country, which shelter them.
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| https://www.forbes.com/sites/adigaskell/2021/12/31/research-explores-why-refugees-move-after-arriving-in-a-country/ |
Who cannot be a refugee?
The following groups of people may not claim refugee status:
01. Persons who have participated in war crimes and massive violations of international humanitarian law. Any person against whom there are severe grounds of suspicions of this nature will be excluded.
02. A soldier cannot be considered a refugee if he/she continues to pursue armed action against the country of origin from the land of refuge. A refugee is a civilian.
03. Persons who have been refused, under an equitable procedure, refugee status.
04. A migrant who leaves his or her country voluntarily to seek a better life in another country is categorized as an economic migrant and is not a refugee.
Differences between Refugee and Migrant
|
Refugee |
Migrant |
|
A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her home
because of war, violence or persecution, often without warning. |
A migrant is someone who is
moving from place to place (within his or her country or across borders),
usually for economic reasons such as seasonal work. |
|
Refugees are forced to leave
their country because they are at risk of, or have experienced persecution. |
A migrant is a person who
makes a conscious choice to leave their country to seek a better life
elsewhere. |
|
They cannot return unless the situation that forced them to leave improves. |
They are free to return home
at any time |
|
Fleeing due to armed conflict
or persecution |
There may be no direct threat
or persecution or death |
|
They are helpless and
distressed |
They may not be helpless or
distressed |
|
Safety of life is their
primary concern |
economic development is their
primary concern |
|
Has to get permission before
entering a country |
They come through legal
permission or illegally |
Essential Elements of constituting a refugee
1. They are outside the country of origin/nationality
2. they are unable or unwilling to avail themselves of that country's protection or return there.
3. a well-founded fear of being persecuted causes such inability or unwillingness.
4. the persecution feared is based on race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social or political group.
When does the Refugee status cease?
1. Voluntary re-ailment of national protection;
2. Voluntary re-acquisition of nationality;
3. Acquisition of a new nationality; and
4. Voluntary re-establishment in the country where persecution is feared.
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